1. Weathering: The breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller particles by physical, chemical, and biological processes. 2. Leaching: The removal of soluble minerals and nutrients from the soil through the movement of water. 3. Organic matter accumulation: The addition of organic materials such as plant debris, animal remains, and microorganisms to the soil, which contribute to soil fertility and structure. 4. Translocation: The movement of minerals, nutrients, and organic matter within the soil profile through processes such as eluviation (downward movement) and illuviation (upward movement).