Ancient civilizations in the Sudanic region.

1. Kingdom of Kush: Located in present-day Sudan, the Kingdom of Kush was a powerful civilization that flourished from around 1070 BC to 350 AD. It was known for its advanced architecture, such as the pyramids at Meroe, and its trade networks that extended throughout the Nile Valley.

2. Nubian civilization: The Nubian civilization was centered around the Nile River in present-day Sudan and southern Egypt. It was known for its rich culture, including distinctive pottery and jewelry, as well as its trade with Egypt and other civilizations in the region.

3. Kingdom of Aksum: Located in present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Kingdom of Aksum was a major trading power in the ancient Sudanic region. It was known for its advanced architecture, such as the obelisks at Aksum, and its control of trade routes that connected the Red Sea with the Mediterranean.

4. Kingdom of Ghana: The Kingdom of Ghana was a powerful empire that controlled trade routes in West Africa from around the 8th to the 11th centuries. It was known for its wealth, derived from gold and salt trade, as well as its sophisticated political and social organization.

5. Mali Empire: The Mali Empire was a powerful civilization that flourished in West Africa from the 13th to the 16th centuries. It was known for its wealth, derived from gold trade, as well as its advanced cities, such as Timbuktu, which was a center of learning and culture in the region.

Kingdom of Kush (c. 1070 BCE - 350 CE)

- Located in present-day northern Sudan
- Developed from the Kerma culture
- Known for its distinctive pyramids and monumental architecture
- Ruled by pharaohs called "Kandakes"
- Heavily influenced by Egyptian culture
- Traded with Egypt and other civilizations in the region

Kingdom of Aksum (c. 1st century - 7th century CE)

- Located in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia
- Originated as a vassal state of Kush
- Emerged as a powerful kingdom around the 1st century CE
- Established a vast empire that controlled much of the Horn of Africa
- Known for its unique architectural style and coinage
- Adopted Christianity as its official religion in the 4th century

Meroitic Kingdom (c. 350 BCE - 350 CE)

- Located in present-day central and southern Sudan
- Succeeded the Kingdom of Kush after its collapse
- Developed its own distinct language and culture
- Known for its large and complex urban centers
- Ruled by kings who were buried in elaborate royal tombs

Nobatia (c. 350 - 650 CE)

- Located in present-day northern Sudan
- Emerged as a Christian kingdom following the decline of the Meroitic Kingdom
- Ruled by a line of kings known as the "Eparchs"
- Controlled trade routes along the Nile River

Makuria (c. 650 - 1300 CE)

- Located in present-day northern Sudan
- Succeeded Nobatia as the dominant Christian kingdom in the region
- Ruled by a line of kings known as the "Dongola Kings"
- Known for its strong military and economic power
- Resisted the expansion of Islam until the 13th century

Alwa (c. 10th century - 1504 CE)

- Located in present-day central and eastern Sudan
- Emerged as a Muslim kingdom after the collapse of Makuria
- Ruled by a line of sultans
- Known for its trade and commerce, as well as its religious architecture