3.2. Name and briefly explain the three pillars that Cummins identifies within language and cognition theories as essential for effective English teaching ?

1. Linguistic Competence: This pillar refers to the knowledge and understanding of the rules and structures of a language, including grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Teachers must have a strong grasp of linguistic competence in order to effectively teach English to students.

2. Sociocultural Competence: This pillar involves understanding the social and cultural contexts in which language is used. Teachers must be aware of the cultural norms, values, and practices of their students in order to create a supportive and inclusive learning environment.

3. Strategic Competence: This pillar refers to the ability to use language effectively in communication, including knowing how to adjust language use based on the context and purpose of communication. Teachers must help students develop strategic competence in order to become proficient communicators in English.