With suitable examples define geometry isomers and inductive effect?

Geometry isomers are a type of structural isomerism where the connectivity of atoms is the same, but the arrangement of atoms in space is different. This results in different geometrical shapes for the isomers. The most common type of geometry isomerism is cis-trans isomerism, where two different groups are attached to a central atom in a molecule and the spatial arrangement of these groups differs.

For example, consider the molecule 1,2-dichloroethene. In the cis isomer, the two chlorine atoms are on the same side of the double bond, while in the trans isomer, the two chlorine atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond. These two isomers have different geometrical shapes due to the different spatial arrangements of the chlorine atoms.

Inductive effect is a phenomenon in organic chemistry where the electron density in a molecule is shifted due to the presence of electronegative or electron-withdrawing groups. This effect occurs through the sigma bonds in a molecule and can influence the reactivity and stability of the molecule.

For example, consider the molecule chloroethane. The chlorine atom is more electronegative than the carbon atom, so it withdraws electron density from the carbon atom through the sigma bond. This results in a partial positive charge on the carbon atom and a partial negative charge on the chlorine atom. This inductive effect can influence the reactivity of the molecule in reactions such as nucleophilic substitution.