With examples explain how the following factors created economic and political difficulties in post-colonial Africa. A. Economic system that was not developed to "self-sufficiency" level?

One example of how an economic system that was not developed to self-sufficiency level created difficulties in post-colonial Africa is the reliance on cash crops for export. Many African countries were left with economies that were heavily dependent on the export of a few primary commodities such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This made them vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices and left them susceptible to economic shocks.

For instance, in the 1970s, a global recession led to a decline in demand for these commodities, causing a sharp drop in export earnings for many African countries. This resulted in economic hardship, as governments struggled to generate enough revenue to meet their financial obligations, such as paying off debts or funding social programs.

Furthermore, the focus on cash crops for export meant that little attention was paid to developing domestic industries or agriculture to meet the needs of the local population. This lack of diversification in the economy meant that African countries were not able to achieve self-sufficiency in food production or manufacturing, leading to a reliance on imports and leaving them vulnerable to external shocks such as fluctuations in exchange rates or trade barriers.

Overall, the failure to develop an economic system that prioritized self-sufficiency left post-colonial African countries economically vulnerable and dependent on external factors beyond their control.

Economic System Not Developed to "Self-Sufficiency" Level

Economic Difficulties:

- Dependence on foreign aid and imports: African economies were highly dependent on foreign aid and imports, making them vulnerable to external shocks and manipulation.
- Lack of diversified economies: Many African countries relied on a single cash crop or export, resulting in a lack of economic resilience and susceptibility to price fluctuations.
- Limited industrialization: Industries were largely absent or underdeveloped, leading to a reliance on imported manufactured goods and a lack of export competitiveness.

Political Difficulties:

- Corruption and mismanagement: Lack of economic self-sufficiency created opportunities for corruption and resource diversion by elites.
- Political instability: Economic struggles often led to social unrest and political conflicts, as citizens demanded improved living conditions.
- Exploitation by foreign powers: Dependence on foreign aid and imports allowed foreign powers to exert influence and manipulate African economies for their own benefit.

Examples:

- Nigeria: The country's over-reliance on oil revenues led to economic vulnerability during oil price crashes and fueled corruption.
- Zambia: Dependence on copper mining resulted in economic decline when copper prices fell, leading to political unrest and debt crises.
- Ghana: Excessive borrowing and poorly managed cocoa exports left the country heavily indebted and economically unstable.