What will be the effect in a recipient's blood when he/sh has been transfused an incompatible blood from the donor?

Transfusing incompatible blood can lead to a severe immune response in the recipient's body. This can result in a condition known as a hemolytic transfusion reaction, where the recipient's immune system attacks and destroys the donor red blood cells. This can lead to symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, shortness of breath, and in severe cases, kidney failure, shock, and even death. It is crucial for healthcare providers to carefully match blood types before transfusing to prevent these potentially life-threatening reactions.

When a recipient receives an incompatible blood transfusion from a donor, the recipient's immune system will recognize the transfused blood cells as foreign and attack them. This can lead to a range of serious complications, including:

1. Hemolytic transfusion reaction: This is the most severe and life-threatening complication of an incompatible blood transfusion. It occurs when the recipient's immune system destroys the transfused red blood cells, leading to the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream. Hemoglobin is a toxic substance that can damage the kidneys and other organs. Symptoms of a hemolytic transfusion reaction include:

- Fever
- Chills
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
- Back pain
- Confusion
- Difficulty breathing
- Loss of consciousness

2. Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction: This is a less severe type of transfusion reaction that occurs when the recipient's immune system attacks the white blood cells in the transfused blood. Symptoms of a febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction include:

- Fever
- Chills
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Fatigue

3. Allergic transfusion reaction: This type of transfusion reaction occurs when the recipient's immune system produces antibodies against the proteins in the transfused blood. Symptoms of an allergic transfusion reaction include:

- Hives
- Swelling
- Itching
- Flushing
- Difficulty breathing
- Anaphylaxis

4. Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction: This type of transfusion reaction occurs when the recipient's immune system produces antibodies against the transfused red blood cells, but the antibodies do not cause immediate hemolysis. Instead, the antibodies slowly destroy the transfused red blood cells over time, leading to anemia. Symptoms of a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction include:

- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Shortness of breath
- Dizziness
- Lightheadedness
- Jaundice

Prevention:

The best way to prevent incompatible blood transfusions is to carefully screen donors and recipients for blood type compatibility. This is done by testing the donor's and recipient's blood for the presence of antibodies that could react with the transfused blood cells.