Physiological egoism is a theory that suggests that individuals are naturally inclined to act in their own self-interest and seek to maximize their own pleasure and minimize their own pain. This theory is based on the idea that human behavior is ultimately driven by the desire to satisfy one's own needs and desires. Physiological egoism is often contrasted with ethical egoism, which argues that individuals should always act in their own self-interest, regardless of the consequences for others.