Organizational Resources
According to Richard Amit and Patrick J. Schoemaker:
- Tangible and intangible assets that an organization can use to create value and gain a competitive advantage.
- Include physical assets (e.g., plant, equipment), human resources (e.g., knowledge, skills), financial resources (e.g., cash, credit), and reputation.
According to Jay B. Barney:
- Heterogeneous, valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable (VRIN) capabilities that enable an organization to achieve higher performance than its competitors.
- Examples include unique technology, strong brand recognition, or highly skilled workforce.
According to James D. Thompson:
- Inputs from the environment that organizations need to survive and operate effectively.
- Include raw materials, technology, labor, and financial resources.
According to Michael H. Porter:
- Assets and capabilities that an organization possesses or can acquire to compete in its industry.
- Can be classified as primary resources (e.g., physical assets, human resources) or secondary resources (e.g., technology, reputation).
According to James G. March and Johan P. Olsen:
- Resources that organizations can use to influence their environment and achieve their goals.
- Include material resources (e.g., money), cognitive resources (e.g., knowledge), and social resources (e.g., networks).
According to Fred Luthans and Cary A. Ubben:
- Assets that an organization possesses or can acquire to improve employee performance and organizational effectiveness.
- Include physical resources (e.g., equipment), human resources (e.g., training), and financial resources (e.g., compensation).