What are the pharmacological effects of hormonal contraceptives?

Hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills, patches, injections, and implants, work by altering hormone levels in the body to prevent pregnancy. The pharmacological effects of hormonal contraceptives include:

1. Inhibition of ovulation: Hormonal contraceptives contain synthetic versions of the hormones estrogen and/or progestin, which suppress the release of eggs from the ovaries, preventing fertilization.

2. Thickening of cervical mucus: Hormonal contraceptives can thicken the cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach and fertilize an egg.

3. Changes in the uterine lining: Hormonal contraceptives can alter the lining of the uterus, making it less hospitable for a fertilized egg to implant and grow.

4. Inhibition of sperm penetration: Hormonal contraceptives can also affect the ability of sperm to penetrate the egg, further reducing the chances of fertilization.

5. Regulation of menstrual cycles: Hormonal contraceptives can help regulate menstrual cycles, reducing the frequency and severity of menstrual cramps and reducing the risk of conditions such as endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Overall, hormonal contraceptives are highly effective in preventing pregnancy when used correctly and consistently. However, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections, so it is important to use additional forms of protection, such as condoms, if needed.