What are the difference between common underlying proficiency and separate underlying proficiency, provide three examples for each?

Common underlying proficiency refers to the shared language skills that transfer across languages, while separate underlying proficiency refers to language skills that are specific to each language being learned.

Examples of common underlying proficiency:
1. Phonological awareness - the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of language is a skill that can transfer across languages.
2. Metacognitive strategies - the ability to plan, monitor, and evaluate one's own learning can be applied to learning multiple languages.
3. Vocabulary acquisition - the process of learning new words and their meanings can be used in different languages.

Examples of separate underlying proficiency:
1. Grammar rules - each language has its own unique grammar structure and rules that must be learned independently.
2. Idiomatic expressions - understanding and using idiomatic expressions is specific to each language and requires separate proficiency.
3. Cultural knowledge - understanding the cultural context of a language is essential for effective communication and is unique to each language being learned.

Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP)

- Refers to a single underlying ability or skill that is required for successful performance on multiple tasks.
- Examples:
- Reading comprehension: the underlying ability to understand written text.
- Mathematical problem-solving: the underlying ability to solve mathematical problems.
- Verbal reasoning: the underlying ability to understand and analyze verbal information.

Separate Underlying Proficiency (SUP)

- Refers to distinct abilities or skills that are required for successful performance on different tasks.
- Examples:
- Vocabulary: the specific knowledge of individual words.
- Algebra: the set of rules and procedures for solving algebraic equations.
- Spatial reasoning: the ability to visualize and manipulate objects in space.