1. Inequality and Discrimination
- Economic inequality, racial discrimination, gender inequality, LGBTQ+ discrimination, disability discrimination, etc.
2. Social Exclusion
- Marginalization of vulnerable groups, lack of access to education, employment, and healthcare, social isolation, etc.
3. Power Imbalances
- Structural and systemic inequalities that give certain individuals or groups control over resources, decision-making, and opportunities.
4. Lack of Awareness and Understanding
- Ignorance about social issues, stereotypes, biases, and prejudice that perpetuate inequality.
5. Historical Injustices
- Historical events such as slavery, colonialism, and apartheid that have left lasting social and economic disparities.
6. Economic Factors
- Poverty, unemployment, and underemployment that create barriers to social mobility and equity.
7. Cultural and Religious Beliefs
- Harmful cultural norms, religious practices, and traditional roles that reinforce inequalities.
8. Political and Institutional Failures
- Inadequate policies, laws, and institutions that protect the rights of marginalized groups and promote social justice.
9. Intersectional Oppression
- Overlapping forms of discrimination based on race, gender, class, sexual orientation, and disability, which can compound social inequalities.
10. Globalization and Technological Advances
- Globalization can exacerbate inequalities between countries and regions, while technological advances can lead to job displacement and social isolation.