What are four measures taken by states to prevent statelessness , provide relevant and authoritative source ?

1. Granting nationality to stateless persons: States can prevent statelessness by granting nationality to stateless persons who are born on their territory or have close ties to the country. This measure is recommended by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in their Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons.

2. Ensuring birth registration: States can prevent statelessness by ensuring that all births are registered promptly and accurately. Birth registration is a key step in preventing statelessness, as it establishes a person's legal identity and nationality. The UNHCR emphasizes the importance of birth registration in preventing statelessness in their Global Action Plan to End Statelessness.

3. Ratifying international conventions: States can prevent statelessness by ratifying international conventions that address the issue of statelessness, such as the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. By ratifying these conventions, states commit to taking measures to prevent and reduce statelessness within their borders.

4. Providing legal assistance and support to stateless persons: States can prevent statelessness by providing legal assistance and support to stateless persons who are at risk of becoming stateless. This can include helping stateless persons to obtain nationality, access education and healthcare, and exercise their rights. The UNHCR recommends that states provide legal assistance and support to stateless persons in their Global Action Plan to End Statelessness.

Measures Taken by States to Prevent Statelessness

1. Revising Citizenship Laws

- Amending citizenship laws to grant citizenship to individuals born within their territory to prevent de jure statelessness.
- Expanding jus sanguinis (citizenship by blood) provisions to include children born abroad to citizen parents.

2. Adopting Statelessness Determination Procedures

- Establishing clear and accessible procedures for individuals to apply for and obtain recognition of their statelessness.
- Providing legal assistance and support to stateless individuals seeking recognition of their status.

3. Preventing Statelessness at Birth

- Implementing birth registration systems that ensure all children have a birth certificate and record of their nationality.
- Adopting laws that grant citizenship to foundlings whose parents cannot be identified.

4. Addressing Statelessness Caused by Succession of States

- Negotiating treaties and agreements between successor states to determine citizenship after state succession.
- Establishing procedures for individuals to retain or acquire citizenship in successor states.

Authoritative Source:

- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Guidelines on Statelessness (2019): https://www.refworld.org/docid/5c9019e14.html

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