1. Patents: Protect inventions and new technologies, giving the inventor exclusive rights to use, make, and sell the invention for a certain period of time.
2. Trademarks: Protect brand names, logos, and slogans that identify and distinguish products or services from others in the market.
3. Copyrights: Protect original works of authorship, such as books, music, art, and software, giving the creator exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, and display the work.
4. Trade secrets: Protect confidential information, such as formulas, processes, and customer lists, that give a business a competitive advantage.
5. Industrial designs: Protect the visual design of products, such as the shape, pattern, or color, giving the designer exclusive rights to use and reproduce the design.
6. Plant breeders' rights: Protect new plant varieties, giving the breeder exclusive rights to produce, sell, and distribute the seeds or plants.
7. Geographical indications: Protect products that have a specific geographical origin and qualities or reputation associated with that location, such as Champagne or Parmigiano Reggiano.