1. Systematic errors: These errors occur consistently in the same direction and are usually caused by faulty equipment, incorrect calibration, or flawed experimental design.
2. Random errors: Random errors are unpredictable fluctuations in measurements and can be caused by factors such as environmental conditions, human error, or limitations in the measuring instrument.
3. Gross errors: Gross errors are large, obvious mistakes in measurement that can occur due to misreading instruments, incorrect data entry, or faulty equipment.
4. Instrumental errors: Instrumental errors are caused by inaccuracies in the measuring instrument itself, such as miscalibration, drift, or mechanical defects.
5. Human errors: Human errors are mistakes made by the person conducting the measurement, such as misreading a scale, recording incorrect data, or improper technique.
6. Environmental errors: Environmental errors are caused by external factors that can affect the measurement, such as temperature fluctuations, humidity, or electromagnetic interference.
7. Parallax errors: Parallax errors occur when the observer's line of sight is not perpendicular to the scale being read, leading to inaccuracies in measurement.
8. Zero errors: Zero errors occur when the measuring instrument does not read zero when it should, leading to inaccuracies in subsequent measurements.