Types of bonds?

1. Corporate bonds
2. Government bonds
3. Municipal bonds
4. Treasury bonds
5. Savings bonds
6. High-yield bonds
7. Convertible bonds
8. Floating rate bonds
9. Zero-coupon bonds
10. Perpetual bonds

Ionic Bonds

- Formed between atoms with a large difference in electronegativity (ability to attract electrons)
- One atom gives up one or more electrons to the other atom, creating ions
- Strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Covalent Bonds

- Formed between atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons
- Electrons are localized in a region of space between the atoms
- Strength depends on the number of shared electrons

Polar Covalent Bonds

- Formed between atoms with a moderate difference in electronegativity
- Electrons are not shared equally, resulting in a slight charge separation
- Partial positive and negative charges are formed

Metallic Bonds

- Formed between metal atoms
- Valence electrons are delocalized, meaning they move freely within the metal structure
- Strong electrostatic attraction between positively charged metal ions and negatively charged delocalized electrons

Hydrogen Bonds

- Weak electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom (e.g., N, O, F) and another electronegative atom
- Important in many biochemical structures, such as DNA and proteins

Dispersion Forces

- Weak attractive forces between nonpolar molecules
- Arise from the temporary separation of charge in molecules
- Weaker than covalent, ionic, or hydrogen bonds

Dipole-Dipole Forces

- Weak attractive forces between polar molecules
- Arise from the interaction between the partial positive and negative charges on the molecules
- Stronger than dispersion forces but weaker than hydrogen bonds

Induced Dipole-Dipole Forces

- Weak attractive forces between a polar molecule and a nonpolar molecule
- The polar molecule induces a separation of charge in the nonpolar molecule
- Weaker than dipole-dipole forces