Types of Authority

1. Traditional authority: Based on long-standing customs, traditions, and beliefs. This type of authority is typically passed down through generations and is often associated with monarchies or tribal societies.

2. Legal-rational authority: Based on laws, rules, and regulations that are established by a governing body. This type of authority is commonly found in modern democracies and bureaucratic organizations.

3. Charismatic authority: Based on the personal qualities and charisma of an individual leader. This type of authority is often seen in religious or political movements where followers are drawn to a charismatic leader.

4. Expert authority: Based on the knowledge, expertise, and skills of an individual or group. This type of authority is typically granted to professionals in specific fields, such as doctors, lawyers, or scientists.

5. Moral authority: Based on the perceived moral or ethical integrity of an individual or group. This type of authority is often associated with religious leaders, human rights activists, or other individuals who are seen as moral authorities.

Rational-Legal Authority

- Based on the belief that authority is derived from a legal or constitutional order.
- Legitimacy stems from clear rules, procedures, and laws.
- Individuals obey because they recognize the legitimate authority of the position, not the person holding it.

Traditional Authority

- Based on established customs, traditions, and beliefs.
- Legitimacy comes from the sanctity of the past and the established order.
- Authority is vested in individuals who are seen as embodying traditional values and norms.

Charismatic Authority

- Based on the personal qualities and charisma of a leader.
- Legitimacy comes from the leader's perceived exceptional abilities, vision, and inspiration.
- Followers are emotionally attached to the leader and believe in their extraordinary capacity.

Bureaucratic Authority

- Based on a formal hierarchical structure and a system of rules and procedures.
- Legitimacy comes from the impersonality and objectivity of the bureaucratic system.
- Authority is delegated based on position and expertise, not personal qualities.

Moral Authority

- Based on the perception that the person has high ethical and moral standards.
- Legitimacy comes from the respect and admiration that others have for the individual's character and values.
- The individual may not hold an official position but still exerts influence due to their moral authority.

Coercive Authority

- Based on the threat of force or punishment.
- Legitimacy is imposed through fear or intimidation.
- People obey out of fear of negative consequences, not out of respect or belief.

Expert Authority

- Based on specialized knowledge or expertise in a particular field.
- Legitimacy comes from the individual's proven abilities and experience.
- Individuals are trusted to make decisions and provide guidance due to their knowledge and skills.

Hybrid Authority

Combinations of different types of authority, where multiple sources of legitimacy coexist or reinforce each other. For example:

- Rational-Legal and Charismatic: A leader who derives authority from both a legal system and personal charisma.
- Traditional and Bureaucratic: An organization that maintains traditional values while also operating under modern bureaucratic principles.