Toll like receptors have been described as innate immune sensors, give the reason why?

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been described as innate immune sensors because they play a crucial role in recognizing and responding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present on various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. TLRs are expressed on immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, and upon binding to PAMPs, they trigger a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of the immune response.

Unlike adaptive immune responses, which are specific to particular pathogens and require prior exposure to the pathogen, innate immune responses mediated by TLRs are rapid and nonspecific. This allows the immune system to quickly mount a defense against a wide range of pathogens without the need for prior exposure or the production of specific antibodies.

Overall, TLRs are considered innate immune sensors because they play a critical role in detecting and responding to pathogens, initiating the immune response, and providing the first line of defense against infections.