To generate a PWM signal with a variable pulse width using LM358N, how should this circuit be designed and built?

To design and build a circuit to generate a PWM signal using the LM358N IC, you will need the following components:

1. LM358N IC
2. Resistors (typically 10k ohm)
3. Capacitors (typically 0.1uF)
4. Potentiometer (for adjusting duty cycle)
5. Power supply
6. Breadboard
7. Jumper wires

Here is a step-by-step guide to design and build the circuit:

1. Connect the LM358N IC to the breadboard, making sure to align the pins correctly.
2. Connect pin 4 (Vcc) of the LM358N IC to the positive terminal of the power supply, and pin 11 (GND) to the negative terminal.
3. Connect pin 3 (output) of the LM358N IC to the positive terminal of the capacitor, and the negative terminal of the capacitor to pin 2 (inverting input).
4. Connect pin 2 (inverting input) to pin 6 (non-inverting input) of the LM358N IC through a resistor.
5. Connect pin 6 (non-inverting input) to the potentiometer, and connect the other end of the potentiometer to the negative terminal of the power supply.
6. Connect pin 7 (output) of the LM358N IC to pin 5 (inverting input) through a resistor.
7. Connect pin 5 (inverting input) to pin 6 (non-inverting input) of the LM358N IC through a resistor.
8. Connect pin 5 (inverting input) to pin 8 (Vcc) of the LM358N IC through a resistor.
9. Connect pin 8 (Vcc) to the positive terminal of the power supply.
10. Connect pin 1 (output) of the LM358N IC to the negative terminal of the power supply.

Once the circuit is built, you can adjust the potentiometer to change the duty cycle of the PWM signal. The output PWM signal can be taken from pin 3 of the LM358N IC.

Materials:

- IC LM358N
- 10kΩ resistor (R1)
- 10kΩ potentiometer (R2)
- 100nF capacitor (C1)
- Push button switch
- Breadboard
- Jumper wires
- Power supply (9V battery or power adapter)

Circuit Diagram:

[Image of LM358N PWM circuit diagram]

Design Steps:

1. Configure the LM358N as a comparator: Connect pin 3 (-) to ground and pin 2 (+) to the reference voltage generated by the potentiometer R2. The potentiometer wiper is connected to the positive terminal of the power supply.

2. Generate the PWM signal: Connect a capacitor C1 between pin 1 (output) and ground. This capacitor will integrate the comparator output to create a triangular waveform.

3. Control the duty cycle: The duty cycle of the PWM signal is determined by the ratio of R1 to R2. A smaller value of R2 (i.e., a higher reference voltage) will result in a wider pulse, while a larger value of R2 will result in a narrower pulse.

4. Enable the comparator: Connect pin 4 (ENABLE) to a push button switch. When the switch is pressed, the comparator is enabled and the PWM signal is generated. When the switch is released, the comparator is disabled and the output is high.

Construction:

1. Insert the LM358N IC into the breadboard.
2. Connect the resistors and capacitor as per the circuit diagram.
3. Attach the potentiometer to the breadboard and connect the wiper to pin 2 of the LM358N.
4. Connect the push button switch to pin 4 of the LM358N.
5. Connect the power supply to the breadboard.

Usage:

- Adjust the potentiometer to set the desired duty cycle of the PWM signal.
- Press the switch to generate the PWM signal.
- Observe the PWM signal on an oscilloscope connected to pin 1 of the LM358N.

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