Topic 1: The Earth and Its Structure
- The shape and size of the Earth
- Layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, core)
- Motions of the Earth (rotation, revolution)
Topic 2: Climate and Weather
- Elements of climate (temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity)
- Factors influencing climate (latitude, altitude, distance from the sea)
- Types of climates (tropical, temperate, polar)
- Weather forecasting
Topic 3: Rocks and Minerals
- Types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic)
- Characteristics and uses of rocks
- Types of minerals (metallic, non-metallic)
- Characteristics and uses of minerals
Topic 4: Landforms
- Major landforms (mountains, hills, plateaus, valleys)
- Processes of landform formation (weathering, erosion, deposition)
- Importance of landforms
Topic 5: Water Bodies
- Types of water bodies (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers)
- Distribution of water bodies in the world
- Importance of water bodies
Topic 6: Human Activities and the Environment
- Impact of human activities on the environment (deforestation, pollution, climate change)
- Conservation of the environment
- Sustainable development
Topic 7: Maps and Map Reading
- Types of maps (topographic, political, thematic)
- Map symbols and scales
- Reading and interpreting maps