Anonymous
Jan 4
Structure of kidney and it's functional unit:- mechanism of urine formation, special senses- smell receptor, pathway, taste- taste- buds, pathway?
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Jan 4
The structure of the kidney consists of two main parts: the renal cortex and the renal medulla. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney, while the renal medulla is the inner region. Within the renal medulla, there are structures called renal pyramids, which contain nephrons, the functional units of the kidney.
The nephron is responsible for the formation of urine. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons. A nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle includes a glomerulus, which is a network of capillaries, and a Bowman's capsule, which surrounds the glomerulus. The renal tubule is a long, coiled tube that extends from the Bowman's capsule.
The mechanism of urine formation involves three main processes: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Filtration occurs in the renal corpuscle, where blood pressure forces water, ions, and small molecules from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. This forms a fluid called the filtrate. Reabsorption takes place in the renal tubule, where essential substances such as water, glucose, and ions are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. Secretion occurs in the renal tubule as well, where additional waste products and excess ions are actively transported from the blood into the tubule to be eliminated in the urine.
Regarding special senses, the sense of smell involves the olfactory system. Smell receptors, known as olfactory receptors, are located in the olfactory epithelium, which is found in the upper part of the nasal cavity. When airborne molecules enter the nasal cavity, they bind to specific olfactory receptors, triggering nerve impulses that are transmitted to the olfactory bulb in the brain. From there, the signals are processed and interpreted, allowing us to perceive different smells.
The pathway of smell reception involves the following steps: airborne molecules enter the nasal cavity through the nostrils, then they dissolve in the mucus lining the nasal passages. Olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium detect these molecules, and the information is transmitted to the olfactory bulb via the olfactory nerve. The olfactory bulb then sends signals to various brain regions, including the olfactory cortex, where the perception of smell occurs.
In the case of taste, taste receptors are located in specialized structures called taste buds. Taste buds are found on the tongue, as well as on the roof of the mouth and the back of the throat. Each taste bud contains multiple taste receptor cells, which are responsible for detecting different taste sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory).
The pathway of taste reception involves the following steps: when we eat or drink, molecules from the food or beverage come into contact with the taste buds on the tongue. The taste receptor cells within the taste buds detect these molecules and send signals to the brain via the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. The signals are then processed in the gustatory cortex, located in the brain, where the perception of taste occurs.
The nephron is responsible for the formation of urine. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons. A nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle includes a glomerulus, which is a network of capillaries, and a Bowman's capsule, which surrounds the glomerulus. The renal tubule is a long, coiled tube that extends from the Bowman's capsule.
The mechanism of urine formation involves three main processes: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Filtration occurs in the renal corpuscle, where blood pressure forces water, ions, and small molecules from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. This forms a fluid called the filtrate. Reabsorption takes place in the renal tubule, where essential substances such as water, glucose, and ions are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. Secretion occurs in the renal tubule as well, where additional waste products and excess ions are actively transported from the blood into the tubule to be eliminated in the urine.
Regarding special senses, the sense of smell involves the olfactory system. Smell receptors, known as olfactory receptors, are located in the olfactory epithelium, which is found in the upper part of the nasal cavity. When airborne molecules enter the nasal cavity, they bind to specific olfactory receptors, triggering nerve impulses that are transmitted to the olfactory bulb in the brain. From there, the signals are processed and interpreted, allowing us to perceive different smells.
The pathway of smell reception involves the following steps: airborne molecules enter the nasal cavity through the nostrils, then they dissolve in the mucus lining the nasal passages. Olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium detect these molecules, and the information is transmitted to the olfactory bulb via the olfactory nerve. The olfactory bulb then sends signals to various brain regions, including the olfactory cortex, where the perception of smell occurs.
In the case of taste, taste receptors are located in specialized structures called taste buds. Taste buds are found on the tongue, as well as on the roof of the mouth and the back of the throat. Each taste bud contains multiple taste receptor cells, which are responsible for detecting different taste sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory).
The pathway of taste reception involves the following steps: when we eat or drink, molecules from the food or beverage come into contact with the taste buds on the tongue. The taste receptor cells within the taste buds detect these molecules and send signals to the brain via the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. The signals are then processed in the gustatory cortex, located in the brain, where the perception of taste occurs.
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