State the pharmacological effects of progestin-only contraceptives.
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1. Inhibition of ovulation: Progestin-only contraceptives work by suppressing the release of an egg from the ovary, preventing fertilization.
2. Thickening of cervical mucus: Progestin-only contraceptives can make the cervical mucus thicker, making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg.
3. Changes in the endometrium: Progestin-only contraceptives can alter the lining of the uterus, making it less hospitable for a fertilized egg to implant and grow.
4. Inhibition of sperm transport: Progestin-only contraceptives can slow down the movement of sperm through the fallopian tubes, reducing the chances of fertilization.
5. Reduction in menstrual bleeding: Progestin-only contraceptives can lead to lighter periods or even stop menstruation altogether in some women.
6. Regulation of menstrual cycles: Progestin-only contraceptives can help regulate irregular menstrual cycles and reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
7. Decreased risk of certain cancers: Progestin-only contraceptives have been associated with a reduced risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers.
8. Treatment of certain medical conditions: Progestin-only contraceptives can be used to treat conditions such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and menstrual disorders.