State the etiological agent of ophthalmia neonaturum Outline management of a 2 year old neonate diagnosed with ophthalmia neonaturum. Outline management of a 7 year old diagnosed with asthma?

The etiological agent of ophthalmia neonatorum is usually Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis.

Management of a 2-year-old neonate diagnosed with ophthalmia neonatorum:
1. Immediate referral to a pediatric ophthalmologist for evaluation and treatment.
2. Topical antibiotic eye drops or ointment prescribed by the ophthalmologist to treat the infection.
3. Systemic antibiotics may be necessary if the infection is severe or if there is a risk of systemic spread.
4. Regular follow-up appointments with the ophthalmologist to monitor the progress of treatment and ensure complete resolution of the infection.

Management of a 7-year-old diagnosed with asthma:
1. Assessment of asthma severity and control by a pediatrician or pulmonologist.
2. Development of an asthma action plan, including medications and instructions for managing asthma symptoms.
3. Prescription of controller medications, such as inhaled corticosteroids, to reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma attacks.
4. Prescription of rescue medications, such as short-acting beta agonists, to relieve acute asthma symptoms.
5. Education for the child and parents on asthma triggers, symptoms, and proper medication use.
6. Regular follow-up appointments with the healthcare provider to monitor asthma control and adjust treatment as needed.
7. Encouragement of regular physical activity and avoidance of asthma triggers to help manage asthma symptoms.

Etiological Agent of Ophthalmia Neonatorum:

- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Management of a 2-Year-Old Neonate with Ophthalmia Neonatorum:

- Immediate evaluation and treatment:
- Examine the infant for any eye discharge, swelling, or redness.
- Collect a culture from the affected eye(s) for laboratory testing.
- Administer topical antibiotic ointment (e.g., erythromycin or tetracycline) every 1-2 hours.
- Treatment based on culture results:
- Chlamydia infection: Oral erythromycin for 14 days.
- Gonorrhea infection: Ceftriaxone injection, followed by 7 days of oral cefixime.
- Other measures:
- Wash the infant's hands and face frequently.
- Change bedding and clothing regularly.
- Avoid touching the infected eye(s) and sharing towels.

Management of a 7-Year-Old Diagnosed with Asthma:

- Comprehensive evaluation:
- Gather a detailed medical history, including symptoms, triggers, and family history.
- Perform a physical examination and lung function tests (e.g., spirometry).
- Medications:
- Short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol): Inhalers or nebulizers for quick relief of symptoms during an asthma attack.
- Long-acting bronchodilators (e.g., salmeterol, formoterol): Inhaled medications for daily use to prevent asthma flares.
- Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide, fluticasone): Inhaled medications for long-term management and reduction of airway inflammation.
- Leukotriene modifiers (e.g., montelukast, zafirlukast): Oral medications that block the action of leukotrienes, which contribute to asthma symptoms.
- Environmental control:
- Identify and avoid asthma triggers (e.g., allergens, smoke, pollution).
- Use air purifiers, humidifiers, or dehumidifiers as needed.
- Education and self-management:
- Teach the child and family about asthma, its triggers, and how to manage it effectively.
- Provide written action plans and medication instructions.
- Encourage regular follow-up visits to monitor progress and adjust treatment as necessary.