Sketch the distillation set up and explain briefly on your own words and how it works?

A distillation setup typically consists of a distillation flask, a condenser, a receiving flask, and a heat source. The distillation flask contains the mixture to be separated, which is heated to vaporize the components with different boiling points. The vapor rises up into the condenser, where it is cooled and condensed back into liquid form. The condensed liquid then drips into the receiving flask, where the separated components are collected.

The process of distillation works based on the principle that different substances have different boiling points. When a mixture is heated, the component with the lowest boiling point vaporizes first. This vapor rises up into the condenser, which is usually a coiled tube or a series of tubes surrounded by a coolant, such as water. The coolant causes the vapor to lose heat and condense back into liquid form.

The condensed liquid then drips down into the receiving flask, where it is collected. The component with the lowest boiling point, which vaporized first, will be collected first in the receiving flask. As the heating continues, the next component with a slightly higher boiling point will vaporize and condense, and so on. This process allows for the separation of different components in a mixture based on their boiling points.

Overall, distillation is a widely used technique in chemistry and industry for separating and purifying mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It is particularly useful for separating liquids from a mixture or for obtaining a pure liquid from a solution.