Outline the procedure of making a bulb from a glass tube? ?

1. Obtain a glass tube of the desired size and shape for the bulb.

2. Heat one end of the glass tube using a Bunsen burner or a torch until it becomes soft and pliable.

3. Use a glassblowing tool, such as a blowpipe or a glassblowing rod, to shape the softened end of the glass tube into a bulb shape. This can be done by blowing air into the tube while shaping it with the tool.

4. Once the bulb shape is formed, allow the glass to cool and harden.

5. Repeat the heating and shaping process on the other end of the glass tube to create a second bulb shape.

6. Once both ends of the glass tube have been shaped into bulbs, allow the glass to cool completely.

7. Inspect the bulbs for any imperfections or cracks. If necessary, use a glass cutter or sandpaper to smooth out any rough edges.

8. The glass tube can now be used as a bulb for various applications, such as a light bulb or a laboratory apparatus.

Materials:

- Glass tube
- Glass blowing torch
- Marver (flat, metal surface)
- Graphite powder
- Borax powder
- Tungsten wire or filament
- Conductive glue
- Vacuum pump (optional)

Procedure:

Step 1: Prepare the Glass Tube

- Cut a section of glass tube approximately 20 cm long.
- Seal one end of the tube by heating it with the torch and collapsing it inward.

Step 2: Shape the Bulb Neck

- Heat the open end of the tube about 10 cm from the sealed end.
- Use a graphite rod to shape the heated area into a narrow neck.
- Marver the neck to smooth and round it.

Step 3: Flare the Bulb

- Place borax powder on the marver.
- Heat the glass in the center of the tube about 5 cm from the neck.
- Touch the heated glass repeatedly to the borax powder to gather it around the tube.
- Rotate the glass while heating to form a bulb.

Step 4: Insert the Filament

- Bend the tungsten wire into a "U" shape.
- Apply conductive glue to the ends of the filament.
- Insert the filament into the bulb neck and press the ends against the glass.

Step 5: Seal the Neck

- Heat the neck of the bulb near the filament.
- Pinch the heated area with a pair of long-nose pliers to seal it and create a vacuum inside the bulb.

Step 6: Evacuate the Bulb (Optional)

- Connect the bulb to a vacuum pump.
- Turn on the pump to remove any remaining gases inside the bulb.
- Seal the bulb by heating the base and collapsing it inward.

Step 7: Anneal the Bulb

- Slowly heat the bulb in an oven or on a marver to relieve internal stresses.
- Gradually cool the bulb to room temperature.

Step 8: Test the Bulb

- Connect the bulb to a voltage source and check if it lights up.
- If the bulb does not light up, inspect it for any leaks or breaks.