Outline the factors that determine the sensitivity of radio receiver.

Factors Determining Radio Receiver Sensitivity:

1. Antenna Gain and Directivity:
- Higher gain and directivity result in increased signal strength at the receiver.
- Antenna size, shape, and material affect sensitivity.

2. Receiver Bandwidth:
- Narrower bandwidth reduces noise and improves signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
- A trade-off exists between bandwidth and signal quality.

3. Noise Figure:
- Represents the internal noise generated by the receiver itself.
- Lower noise figure indicates a higher sensitivity.

4. Input Impedance Matching:
- Optimal impedance match between the antenna and receiver reduces signal loss.
- Mismatching can result in reduced sensitivity.

5. Receiver Preamplifier Gain:
- Preamplifiers boost weak signals before they enter the receiver.
- Higher preamplifier gain increases sensitivity, but may also introduce noise.

6. Conversion Gains and Losses:
- For superheterodyne receivers, conversion gains and losses can significantly affect sensitivity.
- An efficient mixer and high-frequency oscillator are crucial.

7. Signal Strength:
- The stronger the signal at the antenna, the higher the receiver sensitivity.
- Line-of-sight conditions and proximity to the transmitter improve signal strength.

8. Receiver Design:
- Circuit design, components used, and layout can impact receiver sensitivity.
- Low-loss components, efficient signal paths, and noise-reduction techniques are essential.

9. Interference and Noise:
- External interference and noise can reduce receiver sensitivity.
- Filters, shielding, and site selection help mitigate these effects.

10. Modulation Type:
- Different modulation types have varying sensitivities.
- For example, FM signals are typically more sensitive than AM signals.