Outline chest findings in pneumonia,pleural effusion,and pneumothorax?

1. Pneumonia:
- Consolidation of lung tissue on chest X-ray
- Presence of infiltrates or opacities in the affected lung
- Air bronchograms may be visible
- Possible presence of pleural effusion
- Increased density of affected lung compared to unaffected lung

2. Pleural effusion:
- Blunting of costophrenic angles on chest X-ray
- Presence of fluid in the pleural space, causing a meniscus sign
- Possible mediastinal shift away from the affected side
- Decreased lung volume on the affected side
- Possible presence of air-fluid levels in the pleural space

3. Pneumothorax:
- Presence of a visible air-fluid level on chest X-ray
- Collapse of the affected lung
- Visible visceral pleural line
- Possible mediastinal shift towards the affected side
- Decreased lung volume on the affected side

Pneumonia

- Inspection:
- Tachypnea
- Reduced chest expansion on affected side
- Purulent sputum production
- Palpation:
- Decreased tactile fremitus over affected area
- Localized tenderness
- Percussion:
- Dullness or flatness over consolidated area
- Auscultation:
- Crackles (fine or coarse) over affected area
- Bronchial breath sounds
- Egophony

Pleural Effusion

- Inspection:
- Shortness of breath
- Reduced chest expansion on affected side
- Shift of trachea to unaffected side
- Palpation:
- Decreased tactile fremitus over affected area
- Percussion:
- Dullness or flatness over affected area
- Auscultation:
- Decreased breath sounds over affected area
- Egophony
- Whispered pectoriloquy

Pneumothorax

- Inspection:
- Dyspnea
- Hyperresonance
- Reduced chest expansion on affected side
- Shift of trachea to unaffected side
- Palpation:
- Decreased tactile fremitus over affected area
- Tenderness
- Percussion:
- Hyperresonance over affected area
- Auscultation:
- Decreased breath sounds over affected area
- Amphoric breath sounds
- Splashing sounds (succussion splash)