Outline 5 risk factors for cancer of the oesophagus?

1. Smoking and tobacco use: Smoking and using tobacco products significantly increase the risk of developing oesophageal cancer. The harmful chemicals in tobacco can damage the cells lining the oesophagus, leading to the development of cancer.

2. Heavy alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for oesophageal cancer. Alcohol can irritate and damage the cells in the oesophagus, increasing the likelihood of cancer development.

3. Obesity: Being overweight or obese is associated with an increased risk of oesophageal cancer. Excess body fat can lead to chronic inflammation and hormonal changes that can promote the growth of cancer cells in the oesophagus.

4. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux, also known as GERD, can damage the cells in the oesophagus and increase the risk of developing oesophageal cancer. The constant exposure to stomach acid can lead to inflammation and changes in the cells lining the oesophagus.

5. Barrett's oesophagus: Barrett's oesophagus is a condition in which the cells lining the lower part of the oesophagus change in response to chronic acid reflux. People with Barrett's oesophagus have an increased risk of developing oesophageal cancer, particularly a type called adenocarcinoma. Regular monitoring and treatment of Barrett's oesophagus can help reduce the risk of cancer development.

1. Smoking
2. Excessive alcohol consumption
3. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
4. Obesity
5. Certain occupational exposures (e.g., asbestos, formaldehyde)