Outline 5 causes of pathological edema?

1. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, fluid can build up in the body, leading to edema.

2. Kidney disease: The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating fluid balance in the body. When they are not functioning properly, excess fluid can accumulate, causing edema.

3. Liver disease: Liver damage can lead to a decrease in the production of proteins that help maintain fluid balance in the body, resulting in edema.

4. Venous insufficiency: When the veins in the legs are unable to efficiently return blood to the heart, fluid can leak out into the surrounding tissues, causing edema.

5. Inflammation: Inflammatory conditions such as arthritis or lupus can cause the body to retain fluid, leading to edema.

Outline of 5 Causes of Pathological Edema:

I. Increased Capillary Permeability
- Increased hydrostatic pressure (e.g., hypertension)
- Inflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine, bradykinin)
- Endothelial damage (e.g., burns, infections)
- Decreased lymphatic drainage

II. Decreased Plasma Protein Osmotic Pressure
- Hypoalbuminemia (e.g., liver disease, malnutrition)
- Protein loss (e.g., kidney disease, burns)

III. Obstruction of Lymphatic Drainage
- Compression (e.g., tumors, enlarged lymph nodes)
- Infection or inflammation
- Surgery or scarring

IV. Increased Sodium Retention
- Renal dysfunction (e.g., acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease)
- Excessive aldosterone secretion (e.g., primary hyperaldosteronism)
- Medications (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

V. Inflammatory Processes
- Increased permeability and vasodilation
- Accumulation of inflammatory cells and mediators
- Obstruction of lymphatic drainage