- Nationalism in Africa emerged as a response to colonial rule and the desire for self-determination and independence. - Many African nationalist movements were influenced by Pan-Africanism, a movement that sought to unite people of African descent worldwide. - Nationalist leaders such as Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya, and Nelson Mandela in South Africa played key roles in the struggle for independence. - Nationalism in Africa often took on a socialist or Marxist ideology, as leaders sought to address economic inequality and social injustice. - Despite achieving independence, many African countries have struggled with ethnic divisions, corruption, and political instability, leading to ongoing challenges in nation-building and governance. - Some critics argue that nationalism in Africa has sometimes been used by authoritarian leaders to consolidate power and suppress dissent.