1. Surveys: Surveys involve asking individuals or groups of people a series of questions to gather information about their opinions, attitudes, behaviors, or demographics.
2. Interviews: Interviews involve having a one-on-one conversation with individuals to gather in-depth information about their experiences, perspectives, or opinions.
3. Observations: Observations involve watching and recording behaviors, interactions, or events in a natural setting without interfering or influencing the subjects being observed.
4. Experiments: Experiments involve manipulating variables in a controlled setting to observe the effects on outcomes or behaviors.
5. Focus groups: Focus groups involve bringing together a small group of individuals to discuss a specific topic or issue in a structured setting, allowing for in-depth exploration of opinions and attitudes.
6. Case studies: Case studies involve in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group, or event to gain a deeper understanding of a specific phenomenon.
7. Document analysis: Document analysis involves reviewing and analyzing existing documents, records, or data sources to gather information on a particular topic or issue.
8. Ethnography: Ethnography involves immersing oneself in a particular culture or community to observe and document social interactions, behaviors, and practices.
9. Participatory research: Participatory research involves collaborating with community members or stakeholders to gather data, analyze findings, and develop solutions to address specific issues or challenges.