Mention risk factors for developing TB in children. Describe the management of a child with acetylsalicylic acid poisoning in the emergency ward of a district hospital.

Risk factors for developing TB in children include:

1. Close contact with someone who has active TB
2. Living in or traveling to areas with high rates of TB
3. Weakened immune system due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, or certain medications
4. Age (children under 5 years old are at higher risk)
5. Poor living conditions, such as overcrowding or lack of access to healthcare
6. Chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes or kidney disease

In the emergency ward of a district hospital, the management of a child with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) poisoning would involve the following steps:

1. Assessment of the child's vital signs, including heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate
2. Stabilization of the child's condition, if necessary, with interventions such as oxygen therapy or intravenous fluids
3. Administration of activated charcoal to help absorb the aspirin and prevent further absorption in the body
4. Monitoring of the child's blood levels of aspirin and other laboratory tests to assess organ function
5. Treatment with medications such as sodium bicarbonate to help correct acid-base imbalances caused by aspirin poisoning
6. Consultation with a poison control center or toxicology specialist for further guidance on management
7. Close monitoring of the child's condition for signs of complications, such as seizures or organ failure
8. Supportive care, including close observation and reassurance for the child and their family.

Risk Factors for Developing TB in Children

- Close contact with someone with active TB (especially a household member)
- Weakened immune system (e.g., HIV infection, malnutrition)
- History of premature birth or low birth weight
- Residence in a crowded or poorly ventilated environment
- Exposure to tobacco smoke
- Exposure to certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids)

Management of a Child with Acetylsalicylic Acid Poisoning in the Emergency Ward of a District Hospital

Assessment:

- Determine the amount and time of ingestion
- Check vital signs (pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature)
- Assess for signs and symptoms of toxicity:
- Tinnitus
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Dehydration
- Respiratory distress
- Metabolic acidosis
- Coma

Treatment:

1. Gastrointestinal Decontamination:

- Administer activated charcoal to absorb the aspirin
- Perform gastric lavage if the ingestion was recent (<4 hours)

2. Supportive Care:

- Monitor vital signs and respiratory status closely
- Correct dehydration with intravenous fluids
- Anticipate and treat complications (e.g., metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress)

3. Specific Antidotes:

- Acetylcysteine (NAC): A powerful mucolytic agent that is used to treat liver damage caused by aspirin overdose.

4. Other Measures:

- If the child has ingested large amounts of aspirin, consider hospital admission for observation and further treatment.
- Inform parents about the importance of keeping medications out of reach of children and calling for help immediately in case of accidental poisoning.
- Follow up with the child's healthcare provider for monitoring and further recommendations.