Medicine
- Medical Papyrus of Ebers (c. 1550 BCE): A 110-page treatise on anatomy, medical conditions, treatments, and prescriptions. It includes sections on diseases of the head, chest, abdomen, and extremities, as well as surgical procedures.
- Edwin Smith Papyrus (c. 1600 BCE): A 22-column document focusing on trauma surgery, including sutures, bandages, and bone-setting techniques. It also describes specific injuries, such as skull fractures and abdominal wounds.
- Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus (c. 1800 BCE): A collection of medical texts related to women's health, including pregnancy, childbirth, and contraception. It provides insights into the understanding of obstetrics and gynecology in ancient Egypt.
- Medical Papyrus of London (c. 1350 BCE): A 70-column document covering a wide range of medical conditions, including respiratory ailments, digestive disorders, and skin diseases. It also discusses the use of herbal remedies and surgical interventions.
Surgery
- Trepanation: The surgical removal of a portion of the skull using a chisel or drill. Trepanation was performed for various reasons, including to relieve head injuries or neurological disorders.
- Amputation: The surgical removal of a limb or other body part due to infection, injury, or gangrene. Egyptian surgeons had a high level of skill in amputation techniques, and they developed specialized instruments for the procedure.
- Plastic Surgery: The use of surgical techniques to repair or reconstruct damaged or deformed body parts. The Edwin Smith Papyrus contains descriptions of plastic surgery procedures, such as the reconstruction of a damaged nose.
- Ophthalmology: The diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. Egyptian doctors were skilled in treating cataracts, corneal ulcers, and other eye ailments. They also developed specialized instruments for eye surgery.
- Urology: The diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract disorders. Egyptian surgeons performed surgeries for conditions such as kidney stones and bladder injuries.