Measures that a government may put in place to bridge the deficit in the national budget:

1. Increase taxes: The government can increase taxes on individuals and businesses to generate more revenue and bridge the deficit in the national budget.

2. Cut government spending: The government can reduce spending on programs and services to save money and reduce the deficit.

3. Sell government assets: The government can sell off assets such as land, buildings, or state-owned companies to generate revenue and bridge the deficit.

4. Borrow money: The government can borrow money from domestic or international sources to cover the deficit in the national budget.

5. Implement austerity measures: The government can implement austerity measures such as wage freezes, layoffs, and cuts to social programs to reduce spending and bridge the deficit.

6. Increase economic growth: The government can implement policies to stimulate economic growth, such as investing in infrastructure projects or providing incentives for businesses to expand, which can increase tax revenue and help bridge the deficit.

7. Improve tax collection: The government can improve tax collection efforts to ensure that all individuals and businesses pay their fair share of taxes, increasing revenue and helping to bridge the deficit.

Revenue-Enhancing Measures

- Increase taxes: Raising taxes on income, corporate profits, property, or goods and services can boost government revenue.
- Expand the tax base: Broadening the range of taxable activities or individuals can increase tax revenue.
- Reduce tax loopholes and exemptions: Closing loopholes and removing exemptions that allow certain individuals or businesses to avoid paying taxes can generate revenue.
- Introduce new taxes or fees: Implementing new taxes on specific activities, such as carbon emissions or financial transactions, can raise funds.
- Increase user fees for government services: Charging for services that are currently provided for free or at a subsidized rate can generate revenue.

Expenditure-Reducing Measures

- Cut spending: Reducing government spending in specific areas, such as defense, education, or healthcare, can decrease the deficit.
- Renegotiate contracts: Negotiating lower prices for government contracts with suppliers or vendors can save money.
- Reduce subsidies: Eliminating or reducing subsidies for businesses or individuals can free up government funds.
- Streamline government operations: Reducing bureaucracy, improving efficiency, and cutting administrative costs can lower government spending.
- Privatization: Selling off government assets or privatizing services can generate revenue and reduce the need for government expenditure.

Structural Reforms

- Reform the tax system: Implementing a more progressive tax system, reducing corporate tax rates, or simplifying the tax code can improve tax revenue and efficiency.
- Reform healthcare or social security programs: Introducing cost-saving measures or increasing the retirement age can reduce government expenditure.
- Invest in infrastructure or human capital: Investing in infrastructure, education, or training can boost economic growth and tax revenue in the long run.

Other Measures

- Increase borrowing: Governments can borrow funds from domestic or foreign sources to cover the deficit. However, this can increase government debt and interest payments.
- Printing money: Governments can create new money to finance the deficit. However, this can lead to inflation.
- Deflation: Reducing inflation by tightening monetary policy can increase the value of government debt and reduce the cost of interest payments.