Major schools in psychology and their contributions in the history of psychology up until today.

1. Structuralism: Founded by Wilhelm Wundt, structuralism focused on analyzing the basic elements of consciousness through introspection. This school of thought laid the foundation for experimental psychology and emphasized the importance of systematic observation and measurement in psychology.

2. Functionalism: Developed by William James, functionalism focused on the adaptive functions of behavior and mental processes. This school of thought emphasized the importance of studying the mind in relation to its environment and how it helps individuals adapt to their surroundings.

3. Behaviorism: Founded by John B. Watson and later expanded upon by B.F. Skinner, behaviorism focused on observable behavior and rejected the study of mental processes. This school of thought emphasized the role of conditioning and reinforcement in shaping behavior and laid the foundation for the study of learning and behavior modification.

4. Gestalt psychology: Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler, Gestalt psychology focused on the organization of perceptual experiences and emphasized the importance of studying the whole rather than the sum of its parts. This school of thought contributed to our understanding of perception, problem-solving, and cognitive processes.

5. Psychoanalysis: Founded by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis focused on the unconscious mind and the role of early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior. This school of thought revolutionized our understanding of mental illness, personality development, and the therapeutic process.

6. Humanistic psychology: Developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, humanistic psychology focused on the potential for personal growth and self-actualization. This school of thought emphasized the importance of individual experiences, feelings, and motivations in understanding human behavior and laid the foundation for the study of positive psychology.

7. Cognitive psychology: Developed in the mid-20th century, cognitive psychology focused on the study of mental processes such as perception, memory, language, and problem-solving. This school of thought revolutionized our understanding of how the mind processes information and laid the foundation for the study of cognitive neuroscience and artificial intelligence.

8. Evolutionary psychology: Developed in the late 20th century, evolutionary psychology focused on the role of evolution in shaping human behavior and mental processes. This school of thought emphasized the importance of studying behavior in the context of our evolutionary history and contributed to our understanding of topics such as mating preferences, aggression, and social behavior.

1. Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt)

- Emphasized the study of the structure of consciousness through introspection.
- Developed methods for breaking down mental experiences into their basic elements.
- Inspired the development of experimental psychology.

2. Functionalism (William James)

- Focused on the functioning of consciousness and its role in adaptation to the environment.
- Emphasized the importance of studying mental processes in natural settings.
- Influenced the development of behaviorism and cognitive psychology.

3. Behaviorism (John B. Watson)

- Argued that psychology should focus on observable behavior rather than introspection.
- Used conditioning techniques to study how environmental stimuli influence behavior.
- Led to the development of operant conditioning and applied behavior analysis.

4. Gestalt Psychology (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler)

- Emphasized the importance of perceiving objects as wholes rather than as collections of individual parts.
- Introduced the concepts of figure-ground and perceptual organization.
- Influenced the development of perceptual, cognitive, and social psychology.

5. Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)

- Developed a theory of the unconscious and its impact on personality and behavior.
- Introduced the concept of free association and dream analysis.
- Inspired the development of depth psychology and therapeutic techniques such as talk therapy.

6. Humanistic Psychology (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow)

- Focused on the inherent goodness and potential of humans.
- Emphasized the importance of self-actualization and subjective experiences.
- Led to the development of person-centered therapy and positive psychology.

7. Cognitive Psychology (Donald Broadbent, George Miller)

- Studied the mental processes involved in perception, memory, attention, and thinking.
- Developed models of information processing and cognitive architecture.
- Influenced the development of artificial intelligence, computer science, and educational psychology.

8. Neuropsychology (Franz Gall, Karl Lashley)

- Investigated the relationship between brain function and mental processes.
- Used techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study brain activity.
- Led to the development of neuroimaging techniques and a better understanding of the neural basis of behavior.

9. Social Psychology (Kurt Lewin, Leon Festinger)

- Studied the influence of social factors on individual behavior and cognition.
- Developed theories such as cognitive dissonance theory and field theory.
- Influenced the development of communication, persuasion, and group dynamics research.

10. Positive Psychology (Martin Seligman, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi)

- Focuses on the study of well-being, happiness, and flourishing.
- Emphasizes the importance of strengths, resilience, and positive emotions.
- Led to the development of interventions and strategies to promote mental health and well-being.