1. Population pyramids: A graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population, which can provide insights into population trends, such as aging populations or changes in birth rates.
2. Fertility rates: Measures of the average number of children born to women of childbearing age in a population, which can help demographers understand patterns of reproduction and population growth.
3. Life tables: Statistical tools that show the probability of survival and mortality at different ages in a population, which can be used to analyze life expectancy and mortality rates.