List and explain the major differences among the objective model, the process model, and the situational model.

1. Objective Model:
- The objective model focuses on the end goal or outcome that needs to be achieved.
- It emphasizes setting clear and specific objectives that are measurable and achievable.
- The focus is on defining the desired results and working towards achieving them through strategic planning and execution.
- This model is often used in project management and goal-setting processes.

2. Process Model:
- The process model focuses on the steps and procedures that need to be followed to achieve a specific goal or outcome.
- It emphasizes the importance of having a systematic approach to completing tasks and achieving objectives.
- The focus is on understanding and optimizing the processes involved in achieving the desired results.
- This model is often used in quality management and continuous improvement initiatives.

3. Situational Model:
- The situational model takes into account the specific context or circumstances in which a decision or action is being made.
- It emphasizes the need to adapt and tailor strategies and approaches based on the unique situation at hand.
- The focus is on understanding the external factors that may impact the success of a particular initiative and adjusting plans accordingly.
- This model is often used in leadership and management contexts where decisions need to be made based on the specific circumstances of a given situation.

Overall, the major differences among these models lie in their focus and approach to achieving goals. The objective model emphasizes the end goal, the process model emphasizes the steps and procedures, and the situational model emphasizes the context and circumstances in which decisions are made. Each model has its own strengths and weaknesses, and may be more suitable for different types of situations or goals.

Objective Model

- Emphasizes the job itself and its inherent duties and responsibilities.
- Focuses on the structure, skills, and knowledge required for the role.
- Does not consider individual characteristics or organizational context.

Process Model

- Views performance as a process involving:
- Setting goals
- Gathering information
- Making decisions
- Taking action
- Emphasizes the role of feedback and guidance in developing performance.

Situational Model

- Considers both the job and the organizational context.
- Recognizes that performance can be influenced by factors such as:
- Organizational culture
- Leadership style
- Team dynamics
- Focuses on adapting performance management to specific situations.

Major Differences

| Feature | Objective Model | Process Model | Situational Model |
|---|---|---|---|
| Focus | Job requirements | Performance improvement | Job and organizational context |
| Elements | Skills, knowledge, duties | Setting goals, gathering information | Culture, leadership, team |
| Rigidity | Relatively rigid | More adaptable | Highly adaptable |
| Emphasis on individual | Low | Moderate | High |
| Applicability | Standard jobs | Complex or dynamic jobs | All types of jobs |
| Emphasis on evaluation | Assessing job fit | Developing and guiding | Understanding contextual influences |
| Role of feedback | Minimal | Essential | Essential |
| Bias | May favor individuals with predefined skills | May favor established norms | May overlook individual strengths |

In summary, the objective model emphasizes the job itself, the process model focuses on improving performance through goal-setting and feedback, and the situational model considers the job and organizational context in evaluating and improving performance.