List 4 causes of neonatal jaundice Outline 4 clinical features neonatal sepsis Outline 4 complications of birth asphyxia?

Causes of neonatal jaundice:
1. Physiological jaundice: occurs in most newborns due to the immature liver's inability to efficiently process bilirubin.
2. ABO incompatibility: occurs when the mother's blood type is incompatible with the baby's blood type, leading to the destruction of red blood cells and increased bilirubin levels.
3. Rh incompatibility: similar to ABO incompatibility, but specifically involving the Rh factor.
4. Infections: certain infections such as sepsis or hepatitis can cause neonatal jaundice.

Clinical features of neonatal sepsis:
1. Fever or hypothermia
2. Poor feeding or vomiting
3. Lethargy or irritability
4. Respiratory distress or rapid breathing

Complications of birth asphyxia:
1. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: brain injury caused by lack of oxygen and blood flow to the brain.
2. Cerebral palsy: a group of disorders affecting movement and muscle coordination, often caused by brain damage from birth asphyxia.
3. Developmental delays: delays in reaching developmental milestones due to brain damage from birth asphyxia.
4. Seizures: abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can be a complication of birth asphyxia.

Causes of Neonatal Jaundice

1. Physiologic Jaundice: Due to increased bilirubin production and immature liver function in newborns.
2. Breastfeeding Jaundice: Caused by substances in breast milk that inhibit bilirubin breakdown.
3. Pathologic Jaundice: Indicative of underlying medical conditions, such as:
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn (incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood types)
- Biliary atresia (obstruction of the bile ducts)
- Liver disease
4. Cholestasis: Accumulation of bile in the liver, leading to elevated bilirubin levels.

Clinical Features of Neonatal Sepsis

1. General: Fever, lethargy, irritability, poor feeding, respiratory distress
2. Skin: Skin rashes, petechiae, ecchymoses
3. Abdomen: Abdominal distension, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
4. Laboratory: Elevated white blood cell count, positive blood cultures

Complications of Birth Asphyxia

1. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE): Brain damage due to lack of oxygen and blood flow to the brain during birth.
2. Seizures: Motor and electrical activity in the brain that can be caused by HIE.
3. Cerebral palsy: A group of permanent movement disorders that can result from HIE.
4. Long-term cognitive and developmental problems: Cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, and behavioral issues.