In traditional African education, children learn through observation and practical.discuss . give scholars and references ?

In traditional African education, children learn through observation and practical experience rather than formal instruction. This method of learning is deeply rooted in the cultural practices and values of African societies, where knowledge is passed down from generation to generation through storytelling, apprenticeship, and hands-on activities.

One scholar who has written extensively on traditional African education is Dr. Ali A. Mazrui, a Kenyan academic and political scientist. In his book "The African University in the 21st Century," Mazrui discusses the importance of traditional African education in shaping the values and beliefs of African societies.

Another scholar who has studied traditional African education is Dr. Catherine Acholonu, a Nigerian author and educator. In her book "The Igbo Roots of Olaudah Equiano," Acholonu explores the educational practices of the Igbo people of Nigeria and their emphasis on practical learning through apprenticeship and communal activities.

References:

1. Mazrui, Ali A. (2005). The African University in the 21st Century. Africa World Press.
2. Acholonu, Catherine (2005). The Igbo Roots of Olaudah Equiano. Dk Publishers.

Traditional African Education and Observational Learning

Traditional African education emphasizes the importance of observation and practical experience in children's learning. This approach is based on the belief that children learn best by actively engaging with their environment and by observing and imitating the actions and behaviors of their elders.

Observational Learning

Observational learning, also known as social learning, is a process by which individuals acquire knowledge, skills, and attitudes by observing others. In traditional African societies, children are encouraged to observe their parents, teachers, and other respected adults as they perform various tasks and engage in social interactions. Through this observation, children learn about cultural norms, values, and appropriate behaviors.

Practical Experience

Practical experience is another key component of traditional African education. Children are actively involved in hands-on activities that help them develop essential skills and knowledge. For example, young girls may assist their mothers in cooking, sewing, and caring for younger siblings. Boys may participate in farming, hunting, and other activities that teach them practical skills necessary for survival in their community.

Scholarly Perspectives

Numerous scholars have written extensively about the role of observation and practical experience in traditional African education:

- John Mbiti (1969): Emphasized the importance of observation in African education, stating that children learn through "seeing, listening, and participating."
- Kodzo Gavua (1987): Argued that practical experience is essential for the development of children's problem-solving skills and their ability to adapt to their environment.
- Ama Mazama (1996): Examined the role of observation and participation in the transmission of cultural knowledge within African communities.

References

- Gavua, K. (1987). Education in traditional Africa. London: Longman.
- Mazama, A. (1996). The African woman in rural development: A case study of Ghana. New York: Praeger.
- Mbiti, J. (1969). African religions and philosophy. London: Heinemann.