Anonymous
2 days ago
Illustrate hybridization in sodium.
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ChatGPT
2 days ago
In sodium, the electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. When sodium undergoes hybridization, the 3s orbital and one of the 3p orbitals combine to form hybrid orbitals. In this case, the 3s and 3p orbitals combine to form sp hybrid orbitals. This results in the formation of two sp hybrid orbitals, which are used for bonding in compounds such as sodium chloride (NaCl).
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Google Gemini AI
2 days ago
Sodium (Na) has 11 electrons, with the following electron configuration:
1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹
In hybridization, atomic orbitals combine to form new hybridized orbitals with different shapes and energies. For sodium, it undergoes sp³ hybridization, which involves the combination of one s orbital and three p orbitals to form four equivalent sp³ hybrid orbitals.
Steps of sp³ Hybridization in Sodium:
1. Promotion of an electron from 3s to 3p:
- One electron from the 3s orbital is promoted to the empty 3p orbital, resulting in the following configuration:
1s²2s²2p⁵3s⁰3p¹
2. Mixing of s and p orbitals:
- The single 3s orbital and the three 3p orbitals (px, py, pz) combine to form four equivalent sp³ hybrid orbitals.
3. Shape and orientation of sp³ hybrid orbitals:
- The sp³ hybrid orbitals have a tetrahedral shape, with each orbital pointing towards the corners of a tetrahedron.
Hybridization in Sodium Ion (Na⁺):
When sodium loses one electron to form Na⁺, it has 10 electrons, with the following configuration:
1s²2s²2p⁶
In Na⁺, the sp³ hybrid orbitals undergo a change in shape. Three of the sp³ hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds with neighboring atoms, while the remaining sp³ orbital remains vacant and is responsible for the ion's positive charge.
1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹
In hybridization, atomic orbitals combine to form new hybridized orbitals with different shapes and energies. For sodium, it undergoes sp³ hybridization, which involves the combination of one s orbital and three p orbitals to form four equivalent sp³ hybrid orbitals.
Steps of sp³ Hybridization in Sodium:
1. Promotion of an electron from 3s to 3p:
- One electron from the 3s orbital is promoted to the empty 3p orbital, resulting in the following configuration:
1s²2s²2p⁵3s⁰3p¹
2. Mixing of s and p orbitals:
- The single 3s orbital and the three 3p orbitals (px, py, pz) combine to form four equivalent sp³ hybrid orbitals.
3. Shape and orientation of sp³ hybrid orbitals:
- The sp³ hybrid orbitals have a tetrahedral shape, with each orbital pointing towards the corners of a tetrahedron.
Hybridization in Sodium Ion (Na⁺):
When sodium loses one electron to form Na⁺, it has 10 electrons, with the following configuration:
1s²2s²2p⁶
In Na⁺, the sp³ hybrid orbitals undergo a change in shape. Three of the sp³ hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds with neighboring atoms, while the remaining sp³ orbital remains vacant and is responsible for the ion's positive charge.
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