Identify two methods of extracting minerals and briefly explain how extraction/mining is done using each method?

1. Open-pit mining: In open-pit mining, large holes are dug into the ground to extract minerals. This method is typically used for minerals that are close to the surface and spread out over a large area. The process involves removing overburden (the topsoil and rock covering the mineral deposit), drilling and blasting the ore, and then hauling the ore to the surface for processing.

2. Underground mining: In underground mining, tunnels or shafts are dug into the ground to access mineral deposits that are located deep underground. This method is used for minerals that are not easily accessible from the surface. Miners use various techniques such as drilling, blasting, and cutting to extract the ore from the rock. The ore is then brought to the surface for processing. Underground mining can be more dangerous and expensive than open-pit mining, but it is necessary for extracting certain minerals.

1. Surface Mining

- Method: Excavating minerals from the Earth's surface without digging deep into the ground.
- Extraction/Mining Process:
- Open-pit mining: Creating a large open pit in the ground to extract minerals.
- Strip mining: Removing layers of overburden (soil and rock) to expose the underlying mineral deposit.
- Dredging: Using a suction pipe to extract mineral-rich sediment from water bodies.

2. Underground Mining

- Method: Digging tunnels and shafts underground to extract minerals.
- Extraction/Mining Process:
- Shaft mining: Creating a vertical shaft from the surface to the mineral deposit and extracting minerals via elevators.
- Adit mining: Driving a horizontal tunnel into the hillside to access the mineral deposit.
- Room-and-pillar mining: Creating a series of interconnected rooms and pillars underground to extract minerals, leaving pillars to support the roof.