Identify and explain the characteristics of a state and illustrate with the use of examples and references.

A state is a political entity that has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the ability to enter into relations with other states. These characteristics are essential for a state to be recognized as a sovereign entity in the international community.

1. Defined territory: A state must have a clearly defined territory over which it exercises control and jurisdiction. This territory can include land, water, and airspace. For example, the United States has a clearly defined territory that includes all 50 states, as well as territories like Puerto Rico and Guam.

2. Permanent population: A state must have a permanent population that resides within its territory. This population can be diverse in terms of ethnicity, religion, and culture. For example, India has a population of over 1.3 billion people, making it the second most populous country in the world.

3. Government: A state must have a government that is responsible for making and enforcing laws, providing public services, and representing the interests of its citizens. This government can take various forms, such as a democracy, monarchy, or dictatorship. For example, the United Kingdom has a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government.

4. Sovereignty: A state must have the ability to enter into relations with other states on equal terms. This means that a state has the right to govern itself without interference from external actors. For example, the United States is a sovereign state that can negotiate treaties, form alliances, and engage in diplomacy with other countries.

Overall, these characteristics of a state are essential for maintaining order and stability within the international system. Without a defined territory, permanent population, government, and sovereignty, a political entity cannot be considered a legitimate state.