How was the Bougainville Political crisis occure which invole politics between the government and the Bougainville?

The Bougainville Political crisis occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a result of long-standing grievances between the indigenous people of Bougainville and the Papua New Guinea government. The main issue was the environmental and social impact of the Panguna copper mine, which was operated by a subsidiary of the Australian mining company, Rio Tinto.

The local people of Bougainville felt that they were not benefiting from the profits of the mine, and that their land and environment were being destroyed without their consent. In 1988, tensions boiled over and the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) launched a campaign of sabotage and attacks on the mine and government installations.

The Papua New Guinea government responded with a military blockade and a brutal counter-insurgency campaign, which resulted in widespread human rights abuses and civilian casualties. The conflict escalated into a full-scale civil war, which lasted for nearly a decade and resulted in thousands of deaths.

The crisis was eventually resolved through a peace agreement in 2001, which granted Bougainville autonomy and the right to hold a referendum on independence. The referendum was held in 2019, with an overwhelming majority of Bougainvilleans voting in favor of independence.

Causes of the Bougainville Political Crisis:

- Historical marginalization: Bougainville had long felt neglected and exploited by the Papua New Guinea government, particularly in terms of resource sharing and development.
- Copper mine discontent: The Panguna copper mine on Bougainville was a major source of revenue for Papua New Guinea, but locals felt they were not adequately compensated or consulted about its environmental and social impacts.
- Land grievances: Many Bougainvilleans claimed that their traditional lands had been alienated without their consent, leading to land disputes and resentment.
- Political autonomy: Bougainville had a history of seeking greater political autonomy, dating back to the pre-independence era. This desire for self-determination intensified after independence in 1975.
- Rise of Francis Ona: Francis Ona, a charismatic and influential leader, emerged as a symbol of Bougainvillean nationalism and mobilized support for independence.

Triggering Events:

- 1988: Environmental protests: Protests against the Panguna mine escalated, leading to the closure of the mine and the withdrawal of Bougainville Copper Limited.
- 1989: Declaration of independence: Ona declared Bougainville an independent republic, sparking a secessionist movement.
- 1990-1997: Armed conflict: The Papua New Guinea government responded with military force, leading to a decade of bloody conflict that resulted in thousands of deaths.
- 1997: Sandline affair: The Papua New Guinea government hired a private security firm, Sandline International, to suppress the Bougainville rebellion. This controversial move further inflamed tensions.

Resolution:

The crisis was eventually resolved through a peace agreement brokered by New Zealand and other international organizations. The agreement provided for:

- A ceasefire
- The establishment of an autonomous government for Bougainville
- A referendum on independence in 2019 (which was later postponed)