Stress can be caused by a variety of factors, including work pressure, personal relationships, financial problems, health issues, and more. It is typically calculated based on the level of perceived pressure or strain experienced by an individual in response to these factors. This can be measured through self-report questionnaires, physiological measures such as heart rate and cortisol levels, and behavioral indicators such as changes in sleep patterns or mood. Additionally, stress can be assessed through interviews with mental health professionals or through observation of an individual's behavior in stressful situations.