How are the following network devices differ in transportation of data from the source to the destination computer 1:hub and switch 2:Bridge and router ?

1: Hub and Switch

- Hub operates at the physical layer of the OSI model and simply forwards data packets to all devices connected to it.
- Switch operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and forwards data packets only to the specific device it is intended for, based on the MAC address.
- Switch is more efficient than a hub as it reduces network congestion by only sending data to the intended recipient, whereas a hub broadcasts data to all devices.

2: Bridge and Router

- Bridge operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and connects two similar types of networks together, such as two Ethernet networks.
- Router operates at the network layer of the OSI model and connects different types of networks together, such as connecting a local area network (LAN) to a wide area network (WAN).
- Router can make decisions based on IP addresses and routing tables to determine the best path for data to travel from the source to the destination, whereas a bridge simply forwards data based on MAC addresses.