Giving examples for your answers, critically distinguish between old imperialism, new imperialism, and non-imperialism.

Old imperialism refers to the period of European expansion and colonization that took place from the 15th to the 19th centuries. During this time, European powers such as Spain, Portugal, and Britain established colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia for the purpose of extracting resources and establishing political control over indigenous populations. An example of old imperialism is the colonization of the Americas by Spain and Portugal, where indigenous populations were subjugated and exploited for their labor and resources.

New imperialism, on the other hand, refers to the period of European expansion and colonization that took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this time, European powers such as Britain, France, and Germany sought to expand their empires through the acquisition of new territories in Africa and Asia. Unlike old imperialism, new imperialism was driven by economic interests such as the desire for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods. An example of new imperialism is the Scramble for Africa, where European powers partitioned the continent and established colonies for economic gain.

Non-imperialism, on the other hand, refers to a policy or ideology that rejects the practice of imperialism and advocates for peaceful coexistence and cooperation among nations. Non-imperialist countries typically do not seek to establish colonies or exert political control over other territories. An example of non-imperialism is Switzerland, which has a long history of neutrality and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries.

In summary, old imperialism was characterized by the establishment of colonies for political and economic gain, new imperialism was driven by economic interests and the acquisition of new territories, and non-imperialism rejects the practice of imperialism and advocates for peaceful relations among nations.

Old Imperialism

- Definition: A system of direct political and economic control over foreign territories, often established through military conquest.
- Examples:
- Britain's control of India
- France's control of Algeria
- Spain's control of Latin America

New Imperialism

- Definition: A system of indirect political and economic control over foreign territories, often established through economic exploitation.
- Examples:
- United States' influence in Latin America during the Cold War
- China's economic dominance in Africa
- Japan's investments in Asia

Non-Imperialism

- Definition: A system of international relations where no state exercises political or economic control over another.
- Examples:
- The United Nations
- The European Union
- The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Critical Distinctions

1. Level of Control:

- Old imperialism: Direct political and economic control.
- New imperialism: Indirect political and economic control.
- Non-imperialism: No political or economic control.

2. Methods of Control:

- Old imperialism: Military conquest and colonial administration.
- New imperialism: Economic dominance, foreign investment, and political alliances.
- Non-imperialism: Diplomacy, cooperation, and international law.

3. Motivation:

- Old imperialism: Strategic and economic interests; desire for territory.
- New imperialism: Economic expansion and access to resources.
- Non-imperialism: Promotion of peace, stability, and prosperity.

4. Impact on Subject Territories:

- Old imperialism: Often led to exploitation, suppression of local cultures, and economic dependency.
- New imperialism: Can lead to economic growth and development, but also to income inequality and foreign influence.
- Non-imperialism: Aims to promote sovereignty, self-determination, and mutual benefit.

5. Global Impact:

- Old imperialism: Led to geopolitical rivalry and world wars.
- New imperialism: Has shaped global economic and political dynamics, including the rise of emerging powers.
- Non-imperialism: Seeks to create a more equitable and cooperative international order.