1. Erosion: The wearing away of rock and soil by natural forces such as water, wind, and ice.
2. Weathering: The breakdown of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's surface by physical, chemical, or biological processes.
3. Deposition: The laying down of sediment or other material by natural forces such as water, wind, or ice.
4. Mass wasting: The movement of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity, often triggered by heavy rainfall or earthquakes.
5. Tectonic activity: The movement of Earth's lithosphere, including processes such as plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, which can shape the landscape over long periods of time.
6. Glacial processes: The movement of glaciers and ice sheets, which can carve out valleys, create moraines, and deposit large amounts of sediment.
7. Fluvial processes: The action of rivers and streams, which can erode, transport, and deposit sediment, shaping the landscape over time.
8. Coastal processes: The action of waves, tides, and currents along coastlines, which can erode cliffs, create beaches, and shape coastal landforms.
9. Aeolian processes: The action of wind, which can erode, transport, and deposit sediment, shaping features such as sand dunes and desert landscapes.
10. Biological processes: The actions of plants, animals, and microorganisms, which can influence soil formation, erosion, and the overall structure of the landscape.