1. Impulse turbines: These turbines use the kinetic energy of a high-velocity jet of water to drive the turbine blades. Examples of impulse turbines include Pelton and Turgo turbines.
2. Reaction turbines: These turbines use the pressure energy of a high-pressure flow of water to drive the turbine blades. Examples of reaction turbines include Francis and Kaplan turbines.
3. Crossflow turbines: These turbines have a unique design where the water flows across the turbine blades in a perpendicular direction, rather than parallel to the axis of rotation. This design allows for efficient energy conversion in low-head applications.
4. Bulb turbines: These turbines are a type of reaction turbine where the generator is housed in a bulb-shaped casing that is submerged in the water flow. This design is often used in low-head, high-flow applications.