Factors that undermine national unity.

1. Ethnic and cultural divisions: Differences in ethnicity, language, and culture can create divisions within a country and undermine national unity.

2. Socioeconomic disparities: Economic inequality and disparities in wealth can lead to social unrest and resentment, which can weaken national unity.

3. Political polarization: Divisive political ideologies and party politics can create deep divisions within a country and hinder efforts to promote national unity.

4. Regionalism: Strong regional identities and loyalties can lead to tensions between different regions within a country and undermine national unity.

5. Historical grievances: Lingering historical grievances and unresolved conflicts can perpetuate divisions and prevent reconciliation, hindering efforts to foster national unity.

6. Religious extremism: Extremist religious ideologies can fuel sectarian violence and intolerance, creating divisions within a country and undermining national unity.

7. External influences: Foreign interference and intervention in a country's internal affairs can exacerbate existing divisions and undermine efforts to promote national unity.

8. Lack of inclusive governance: Exclusionary policies and practices that marginalize certain groups within a country can breed resentment and alienation, weakening national unity.

9. Weak institutions: Ineffective governance, corruption, and lack of rule of law can erode trust in the government and institutions, undermining national unity.

10. Media manipulation: Biased or sensationalist media coverage can exacerbate divisions and spread misinformation, undermining efforts to promote national unity.

Internal Factors:

- Ethnocentrism and Cultural Differences: Prejudice and discrimination against minority groups, linguistic divisions, and cultural clashes.
- Regional Imbalances: Disparities in economic development, political representation, and social services between regions.
- Historical Grievances and Unresolved Conflicts: Past injustices, unresolved wars, and historical animosities.
- Political Polarization and Extremism: Divisive political ideologies, exclusionary policies, and the rise of extreme groups.
- Economic Inequality and Poverty: Wide gaps in wealth and opportunities, leading to resentment and social unrest.

External Factors:

- Foreign Intervention and Colonialism: Historical legacies of colonialism, external influence, and military interventions can damage national cohesion.
- Global Economic Inequality and Migration: Economic globalization can exacerbate disparities and create tensions between native and foreign-born populations.
- External Propaganda and Disinformation: Spread of biased or false information from outside forces can undermine trust and sow divisions.
- Terrorism and Security Threats: Attacks from terrorist groups or threats to national security can create a sense of fear and disunity.
- Environmental Degradation: Competition over scarce resources, such as water or land, can lead to conflicts and displacement.

Systemic Factors:

- Weak Political Institutions: Lack of accountability, corruption, and ineffective government can erode trust and foster division.
- Absence of Civil Society and Dialogue: Suppression of civic organizations, lack of public spaces for open dialogue, and limited citizen participation.
- Ineffective Education and Media: Inadequate education about national values, history, and diversity; biased media coverage that reinforces stereotypes.
- Unsustainable Economic Policies: Economic models that prioritize short-term gains over long-term stability and inclusivity.
- Demographic Changes: Rapid population growth, aging population, or changes in ethnic makeup can put pressure on resources and social cohesion.