Factors that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire:

1. Military defeats: The Ottoman Empire suffered a series of military defeats in the late 17th and 18th centuries, including losses in wars against Russia, Austria, and Persia. These defeats weakened the empire's military power and territorial holdings.

2. Economic decline: The Ottoman Empire's economy began to decline in the 18th century due to a combination of factors, including corruption, inefficiency, and the loss of key trade routes. This economic decline led to financial instability and a weakening of the empire's ability to maintain its military and administrative infrastructure.

3. Political instability: The Ottoman Empire experienced a period of political instability in the 19th century, marked by weak and ineffective leadership, internal power struggles, and corruption within the government. This instability made it difficult for the empire to effectively govern its territories and maintain control over its diverse population.

4. Nationalist movements: Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, nationalist movements emerged within the various ethnic and religious groups that made up the Ottoman Empire. These movements sought independence or autonomy from Ottoman rule, leading to internal unrest and challenges to the empire's authority.

5. European imperialism: The Ottoman Empire came under increasing pressure from European powers in the 19th century, as countries such as Britain, France, and Russia sought to expand their influence in the region. This external pressure further weakened the empire's position and contributed to its eventual decline.

6. Social and cultural changes: The Ottoman Empire underwent significant social and cultural changes in the 19th and early 20th centuries, as modernization and Westernization efforts clashed with traditional values and practices. These changes created tensions within Ottoman society and contributed to the empire's decline.

7. World War I: The Ottoman Empire's participation in World War I on the side of the Central Powers proved to be disastrous, leading to further military defeats, economic hardship, and internal unrest. The empire's defeat in the war and the subsequent Treaty of Sevres in 1920 marked the final blow to its power and influence.

Internal Factors:

- Economic stagnation: Declining agricultural productivity, increased inflation, and heavy taxation weakened the economy.
- Political instability: Frequent changes of rulers, weak sultans, and corruption led to political turmoil and instability.
- Military decline: The Ottoman army had become technologically outdated compared to European armies, resulting in defeats in major battles.
- Social and cultural problems: Ethnic and religious conflicts, as well as the emergence of nationalist movements, weakened the empire's unity.
- Janissary revolts: The Janissaries, the elite military force, became increasingly mutinous and interfered in politics.

External Factors:

- European imperialism: European powers, such as Britain, France, and Russia, expanded their territories at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.
- Rise of nationalism: The emergence of nationalist movements and revolutions in the Balkans and the Middle East led to the loss of territories.
- Balkan Wars: Ottoman defeats in the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) resulted in the loss of significant territories and weakened the empire further.
- World War I: The Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers in World War I and suffered heavy losses.
- Armenian Genocide: The systematic killing of Armenians during World War I damaged the empire's reputation and weakened its international standing.

Other Contributing Factors:

- Natural disasters: Earthquakes, fires, and droughts contributed to economic and social instability.
- Cultural conservatism: Resistance to modernization and technological advancements hindered progress and development.
- Lack of education: High illiteracy rates limited the Ottoman Empire's ability to adapt and compete with European powers.