Overfishing
- Excessive harvesting of fish populations, leading to depletion and loss of biodiversity.
Destructive Fishing Practices
- Bottom trawling, dredging, and other techniques that damage or destroy seafloor habitats, including coral reefs, seagrass beds, and sponge grounds.
Pollution
- Industrial, agricultural, and sewage runoff containing toxins, nutrients, and physical debris that degrade water quality and harm fish populations.
Climate Change
- Rising sea temperatures, ocean acidification, and storms can disrupt fish distribution, reduce productivity, and alter ecosystem dynamics.
Habitat Loss and Modification
- Coastal development, dredging, and shellfish farming can destroy or degrade critical fish habitats, such as mangroves, salt marshes, and rocky shores.
Bycatch
- Unintended capture of non-target species, such as marine mammals, seabirds, and turtles, in fishing gear, leading to injury or mortality.
Vessel Collisions
- Impacts between fishing vessels and whales, dolphins, and other marine animals can cause physical damage and fatalities.
Oil and Gas Exploration and Extraction
- Offshore oil and gas activities can create noise pollution, disturb seafloor habitats, and potentially lead to oil spills that harm fish populations.
Invasive Species
- Non-native species introduced to fishing grounds can outcompete native species, disrupt food webs, and spread diseases.
Overgrazing by Sealions and Seals
- Large populations of seals and sea lions can prey heavily on fish stocks, reducing fish abundance and impacting fisheries.